Volviendo con un tema de actualidad, no, aca no, y afanado de Financial Times, pero muy bien explicado, como hace guita ISIS y no hay ningun inocente.
Todo esto mereceria que el ilustre nombre que titula el blog estuviera ahi, pero, seguro que hay muchos imitadores de Calouste Gulbekian (que, como es de rigor, murio dejando una fundacion) https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian pululen por ahi
Disculpen la longitud y quizas los graficos, el original aqui
http://ig.ft.com/sites/2015/isis-oil/
y sigue aqui (para ampliar)
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/b8234932-719b-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html
Como siempre, dejas al mercado actuar y te vende riñones al mejor postor
Isis controls most of Syria’s oil fields and crude is the militant group's biggest single source of revenue. Here we follow the progress of a barrel of oil from extraction to end user to see how the Isis production system works, who is making money from it, and why it is proving so challenging to disrupt, even with airstrikes.
It is difficult to determine a definitive oil production figure for Isis-controlled areas. But it is clear production levels have dropped in the Syrian fields since they were taken over by the militants. Most oil fields in the area are aging and the group does not have the technology or equipment needed to maintain them.
A new air campaign on Isis oil by the US-led coalition started at the end of October and is now more effectively disrupting Isis's crude extraction. Production fell by 30 pct this month at al-Omar and al-Tanak, Isis's two top producing fields and the most targeted by the recent offensive. Up to now, however, it is still likely the most lucrative revenue stream for Isis's central leadership.
The price of the oil depends on its quality. Some fields charge about $25 a barrel. Others, like al-Omar field, one of Syria’s largest, charge $45 a barrel. Overall, Isis is estimated to earn about $1.1m a day.
The group sells most of its crude directly to independent traders at the oil fields. In a highly organised system, Syrian and Iraqi buyers go directly to the oil fields with their trucks to buy crude. This used to result in them waiting for weeks in traffic jams that sprawled for miles outside of oilfields. But since airstrikes against oil vehicles intensified, Isis revamped its collection system. Now, when truckers register outside the field and pick up their number in line, they say they are told exactly what time they can return to fill up to avoid a pile-up of vehicles and make a more obvious target for strikes.
Traders in Syria's eastern Deir Ezzor province say coalition airstrikes have not targeted their trucks by as much the coalition claims, and say Russia has targeted them more aggressively. Instead the attacks focused on disrupting the extraction process - hitting around the wells or facilities at the oil fields, as well as Isis vehicles. The goal does not appear to be to hit the actual wells but impede efforts to extract from them.
The bulk of oil refineries are in Isis-controlled Syria. The few in rebel-held territories have a reputation for lower quality output than the refineries in the east.
The refineries produce petrol and mazout, a heavy form of diesel used in generators – a necessity as many areas have little or no electricity. Because the quality of the petrol can be inconsistent and is more expensive, mazout is in greater demand.
Refining is done by local residents who constructed their rudimentary refineries after Isis's prefabricated "mobile" facilities were destroyed by coalition airstrikes. The owners make purchase agreements with the militants for their products.
There are also signs that in recent months Isis may have returned to refining. In interviews with traders, the FT discovered the group had bought five refineries since mid-2015.
There are fuel markets throughout Isis-controlled areas and rebel-held Syria, often located close to refineries. Most towns have a small fuel market where locals buy and sell oil. But traders supplying these smaller markets often buy their oil in bulk from larger hubs.
Most of the smuggling from the Syrian side has gone through opposition areas in the northwest. Locals buy fuel at the market, pour it into jerry cans and carry it over the border on foot or, in mountainous areas, by donkey or on horseback.
In Iraq, the bulk of smuggling through the northern Kurdistan region has been blocked, so locals say the route now goes south through Anbar province towards Jordan.
When
oil prices were high, smugglers loaded larger jerry cans (50-60 litres)
of oil into metal tubs or small row boats and, using ropes attached to
each river bank, pulled their cargo across the river and into Turkey. On
the other bank, tractors picked up the supply and took it to a local
informal market, where it was picked up by large trucks, which sold it
on.
Some
Syrian and Turkish border towns have co-operated by burying small
rubber tubes under the border, such as at Besaslan. In recent months,
Turkey has stepped up border patrols and are constantly digging out the
makeshift pipelines.
A
popular crossing point for smugglers carrying jerry cans of fuel on
their backs has been from Kharbet al-Jawz in rebel-held Syria to Guvecci
in Turkey. This has been largely shut down by Turkish forces, but the
remote terrain makes it impossible to stop.
In
places like al-Sarmada and al-Rai, smugglers have crossed the border by
mule, donkey or horses that can carry four to eight jerry cans at a
time.
The coalition airstrikes against Isis oil operations have mainly targeted the oil extraction process, rather than refineries or oil markets. Bombs have hit Isis vehicles operating at the oil fields, and facilities for pumping or moving oil.
For example, the biggest single blow to Isis oil extraction, locals say, was a strike that took out the machinery that allowed oil workers to centrally control the wells at al-Omar field, Isis's single biggest oil source.
This had been critical because wells there can be 30km away from each other, and the machinery allowed workers to close down a well that was struck and avoid a fire spreading. Now, each well must be operated manually, which dramatically slows down the process of running the entire field.
These efforts to stop Isis earning money from oil is starting to have an effect. Production fell by 30 per cent in December at al-Omar and al-Tanak.
But it comes at a human cost. Civilian traders have been hit by an increasing number of strikes. Local civilians are angry about the new campaign and they fear for their own economic survival, which is now entangled with that of Isis's finances.
"This is considered our infrastructure, and destroying it like this...shows that the objective is to kill the Syrian people," says Omar al-Shimali, who lives in the rebel-held Aleppo province to the northwest.
Todo esto mereceria que el ilustre nombre que titula el blog estuviera ahi, pero, seguro que hay muchos imitadores de Calouste Gulbekian (que, como es de rigor, murio dejando una fundacion) https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian pululen por ahi
Disculpen la longitud y quizas los graficos, el original aqui
http://ig.ft.com/sites/2015/isis-oil/
y sigue aqui (para ampliar)
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/b8234932-719b-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html
Como siempre, dejas al mercado actuar y te vende riñones al mejor postor
Isis controls most of Syria’s oil fields and crude is the militant group's biggest single source of revenue. Here we follow the progress of a barrel of oil from extraction to end user to see how the Isis production system works, who is making money from it, and why it is proving so challenging to disrupt, even with airstrikes.
Where the oil is extracted
Isis’s main oil producing region is in Syria’s eastern Deir Ezzor province, where production was somewhere between 34,000 to 40,000 barrels a day in October, according to locals. This has since fallen due to coalition and Russian airstrikes against oil facilities. Isis also controls the Qayyara field near Mosul in northern Iraq that produces about 8,000 barrels a day of heavier oil that is mostly used locally to make asphalt.It is difficult to determine a definitive oil production figure for Isis-controlled areas. But it is clear production levels have dropped in the Syrian fields since they were taken over by the militants. Most oil fields in the area are aging and the group does not have the technology or equipment needed to maintain them.
A new air campaign on Isis oil by the US-led coalition started at the end of October and is now more effectively disrupting Isis's crude extraction. Production fell by 30 pct this month at al-Omar and al-Tanak, Isis's two top producing fields and the most targeted by the recent offensive. Up to now, however, it is still likely the most lucrative revenue stream for Isis's central leadership.
The price of the oil depends on its quality. Some fields charge about $25 a barrel. Others, like al-Omar field, one of Syria’s largest, charge $45 a barrel. Overall, Isis is estimated to earn about $1.1m a day.
| Oilfield | Est. production (bpd) | Price ($/barrel) |
|---|---|---|
| al-Tanak | 11,000-12,000 | $40 |
| al-Omar | 6,000-9,000 | $45 |
| al-Jabseh | 2,500-3,000 | $30 |
| al-Tabqa | 1,500-1,800 | $20 |
| al-Kharata | 1,000 | $30 |
| al-Shoula | 650-800 | $30 |
| Deiro | 600-1,000 | $30 |
| al-Taim | 400-600 | $40 |
| al-Rashid | 200-300 | $25 |
Selling crude oil
Though many believe that Isis relies on exports for its oil revenue, it profits from its captive markets closer to home in the rebel-held territories of northern Syria and in its self-proclaimed “caliphate”, which straddles the border between Syria and Iraq.The group sells most of its crude directly to independent traders at the oil fields. In a highly organised system, Syrian and Iraqi buyers go directly to the oil fields with their trucks to buy crude. This used to result in them waiting for weeks in traffic jams that sprawled for miles outside of oilfields. But since airstrikes against oil vehicles intensified, Isis revamped its collection system. Now, when truckers register outside the field and pick up their number in line, they say they are told exactly what time they can return to fill up to avoid a pile-up of vehicles and make a more obvious target for strikes.
Oil refineries
Traders have several options after they pick up their cargo:- Take the oil to nearby refineries, unload it and return to queue at the field—usually done by traders under contract to refineries.
- Sell their oil on to traders with smaller vehicles, who then send it to rebel-held northern Syria, or east towards Iraq.
- Try their luck selling to a refinery or sell it at a local oil market. The biggest are near al-Qaim on the Syrian-Iraqi border.
Traders in Syria's eastern Deir Ezzor province say coalition airstrikes have not targeted their trucks by as much the coalition claims, and say Russia has targeted them more aggressively. Instead the attacks focused on disrupting the extraction process - hitting around the wells or facilities at the oil fields, as well as Isis vehicles. The goal does not appear to be to hit the actual wells but impede efforts to extract from them.
The bulk of oil refineries are in Isis-controlled Syria. The few in rebel-held territories have a reputation for lower quality output than the refineries in the east.
The refineries produce petrol and mazout, a heavy form of diesel used in generators – a necessity as many areas have little or no electricity. Because the quality of the petrol can be inconsistent and is more expensive, mazout is in greater demand.
Refining is done by local residents who constructed their rudimentary refineries after Isis's prefabricated "mobile" facilities were destroyed by coalition airstrikes. The owners make purchase agreements with the militants for their products.
There are also signs that in recent months Isis may have returned to refining. In interviews with traders, the FT discovered the group had bought five refineries since mid-2015.
At
Isis refineries, the former owner stays on as a "front" man. The group
supplies the oil; in return it takes all mazout production and splits
the profits on petrol production with the original owner.
Traders
say Isis has its own tankers that supply crude to its refineries from
oil fields regularly. The group also appears to retain many of its
earlier contracts with unaffiliated gas stations and other refineries.
Fuel to market
Once the oil is refined, it is bought by traders or taken by dealers to markets across Syria and Iraq. At this point, Isis is almost completely disengaged from the trade. About half the oil goes to Iraq, while the other half is consumed in Syria, both in Isis territories and rebel-held areas in the north.There are fuel markets throughout Isis-controlled areas and rebel-held Syria, often located close to refineries. Most towns have a small fuel market where locals buy and sell oil. But traders supplying these smaller markets often buy their oil in bulk from larger hubs.
Isis markets
There
are larger Isis-controlled markets in towns like Manbij or al-Bab in
Aleppo’s eastern countryside. Traders here must present a document
proving they have paid zakat, a tithe, to buy oil without tax. Traders
from rebel-held Syria who have not paid the tithe, must pay a tax of
SL200 per barrel, or about $0.67.
Some
privately-owned markets also levy taxes. Al-Qaim market, one of the
largest in the region, charges buyers and sellers about SL100 ($0.30)
per barrel of crude purchased.
Mosul
In
Isis-controlled Iraqi cities like Mosul, the fuel is sold at mini
“petrol stations” with two pumps. They are ubiquitous on Mosul street
corners and locals usually name the oil according to the part of Syria
it came from. This helps buyers determine the quality of the oil and
compare prices.
Rebel markets
Two
types of fuel are sold in rebel-held Syria: pricier fuel refined in
Isis areas, and cheaper locally refined fuel. Residents typically buy a
mix of both, and use the cheaper variety for generators and keep better
quality variety for their vehicles.
Since
the airstrikes began, prices of mazout and diesel in rebel-held areas
have doubled. Prices of food are higher as well because transport costs
are rising.
Fuel smuggling
With Isis only concerned with making its profits ‘at the pump’, smuggling fuel into neighbouring countries can be good business for entrepreneurial Syrians and Iraqis. Syrian smugglers say it has been declining in recent months, not because of tighter border controls but because the sharp fall in international oil prices make it unprofitable. But some determined smugglers continue their trade.Most of the smuggling from the Syrian side has gone through opposition areas in the northwest. Locals buy fuel at the market, pour it into jerry cans and carry it over the border on foot or, in mountainous areas, by donkey or on horseback.
In Iraq, the bulk of smuggling through the northern Kurdistan region has been blocked, so locals say the route now goes south through Anbar province towards Jordan.
Boat
When
oil prices were high, smugglers loaded larger jerry cans (50-60 litres)
of oil into metal tubs or small row boats and, using ropes attached to
each river bank, pulled their cargo across the river and into Turkey. On
the other bank, tractors picked up the supply and took it to a local
informal market, where it was picked up by large trucks, which sold it
on.Pumps
Some
Syrian and Turkish border towns have co-operated by burying small
rubber tubes under the border, such as at Besaslan. In recent months,
Turkey has stepped up border patrols and are constantly digging out the
makeshift pipelines.On foot
A
popular crossing point for smugglers carrying jerry cans of fuel on
their backs has been from Kharbet al-Jawz in rebel-held Syria to Guvecci
in Turkey. This has been largely shut down by Turkish forces, but the
remote terrain makes it impossible to stop.Horseback
In
places like al-Sarmada and al-Rai, smugglers have crossed the border by
mule, donkey or horses that can carry four to eight jerry cans at a
time.Airstrikes
At the end of October, the US-led coalition launched a fresh assault on Isis oil infrastructure. These airstrikes were followed by Russian attacks, and intensified in mid-November.The coalition airstrikes against Isis oil operations have mainly targeted the oil extraction process, rather than refineries or oil markets. Bombs have hit Isis vehicles operating at the oil fields, and facilities for pumping or moving oil.
For example, the biggest single blow to Isis oil extraction, locals say, was a strike that took out the machinery that allowed oil workers to centrally control the wells at al-Omar field, Isis's single biggest oil source.
This had been critical because wells there can be 30km away from each other, and the machinery allowed workers to close down a well that was struck and avoid a fire spreading. Now, each well must be operated manually, which dramatically slows down the process of running the entire field.
These efforts to stop Isis earning money from oil is starting to have an effect. Production fell by 30 per cent in December at al-Omar and al-Tanak.
But it comes at a human cost. Civilian traders have been hit by an increasing number of strikes. Local civilians are angry about the new campaign and they fear for their own economic survival, which is now entangled with that of Isis's finances.
"This is considered our infrastructure, and destroying it like this...shows that the objective is to kill the Syrian people," says Omar al-Shimali, who lives in the rebel-held Aleppo province to the northwest.
Tabqa
Syria
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